未成年者と成人の線引き（英検英作文3-7 p.50[035])

The details of some crimes show that minors can be capable of making adult decisions. Countries have specific age numbers to divide children from adults, but in reality these numbers should vary for each person. Some children develop more quickly than others. This means that sometimes a 16-year-old “child” has the mental capacity of a 20-year-old “adult.”

犯罪者の意図と刑罰（英検英作文3-6 p.50[034])

When deciding punishments for crimes, criminals’ intentions are important. For example, according to the law, people rarely receive life imprisonment for accidentally killing another person. But when a crime is intentional, then life imprisonment is sometimes justified. Likewise, heavy penalties should be imposed on minors if they understood the results of their actions.

監視カメラの問題（英検英作文3-5 p.50[033])

Some people argue that police should use more surveillance cameras to stop crime, but this invades the privacy of good citizens. Also, there is not substantial evidence that surveillance cameras reduce crime. Many and resources should not be invested in any crime prevention techniques unless they are proven to be effective.

監視カメラによる抑止（英検英作文3-4 p.48[032])

In order to deter violence, more surveillance cameras should be installed. Studies suggest that crime decrease in areas that have prominently displayed surveillance cameras. While some may argue that this violence is then displaced to areas with less supervision, video evidence is a powerful way to discourage violent and other criminal acts.

武器と犯罪（英検英作文3-3 p.48[031])

Society has dealt with the problem of violent crime by banning weapons. In Japan, it is more difficult to purchase a gun than in other developed countries. Japan banned the ownership of firearms and swords in 1958. Removing these weapons from society is one reason that Japan has the second lowest murder rate in the world.

犯罪と貧困（英検英作文3-2 p.48[030])

We should focus on increasing income for people without money not reducing crime. Traditionally, society tries to prevent crime by punishing people and sending them to prison. But this does not solve the problem, as many people return to crime after prison. Instead, we should attempt to provide more income opportunities for poor household.

凶悪犯罪とメディア（英検英作文3-1 p.48[029])

In order to prevent violent crime, society needs to restrict access to violent media. For years, psychologists have been researching the connection between violence and the media. Children are particularly vulnerable to influence. Accordingly, children who spend many hours watching violent television tend to be more aggressive in their teenage years.

ヘイトスピーチ（英検英作文2-16 p.44[028])

Japan’s treatment of minorities is steadily improving. For example, there are frequently complains that right-wing groups in Japan hold racist demonstrations targeting Korean residents in the country. But the view of these small groups do not reflect the opinions of Japanese people in general. That is why the government recently passed a law banning hate speech.

性的少数者への無理解（英検英作文2-15 p.44[027])

Japan is a very unwelcoming place for members of the LGBT community. The vast majority of gay people are unable to reveal their sexuality to family members due to fear of rejection. Recently, some cities have started allowing same-sex partnerships, but government leaders openly looked for ways to ban them. Also, homosexual partners cannot obtain a spouse visa in Japan.

性的少数者への理解（英検英作文2-14 p.44[026])

In recent years, Japan has become much more supportive of members of the LGBT community. In some areas of Tokyo, same-sex partnerships are also permitted. Also, many non-Japanese gay residents in Japan say that they feel less physically threatened than in their home countries. These gradual changes show that minority groups are beginning to receive more respect and equal rights.

在日中国人・朝鮮人への差別（英検英作文2-13 p.44[025])

In recent years, officials from the UN have repeatedly declared that racism is a serious, countrywide problem in Japan. In particular, the discrimination against Chinese and Korean residents in Japan is seen to be a major problem. Of course, not all Japanese citizens discriminate against these minorities, but the government still needs to do more to protect and support then.

女性により公平なシステム（英検英作文2-12 p.42[024])

Japan does need to work to improve the opportunities for women in society, but this change is already taking place. Specifically, women need more chances to obtain respectable, high-paying jobs and leadership position, especially after having children. The majority of both men and women in Japan appear to agree on this issue. Accordingly, policymakers are already working to create a fairer system for women.

他国との比較（英検英作文2-11 p.42[023])

Although women in Japan do not yet have as many opportunities as men, they are not victims of any human rights violations. In countries that are extremely prejudice against women, females are treated as second-class citizens that cannot attend schools or acquire valuable skills. But in Japan women receive the same world-class education as men.

政界の女性（英検英作文2-10 p.42[022])

Japan has one of the worst levels of political gender equality among developed countries. According to one survey, the percentage of female lower house members in Japan was less than that of over 100 other countries, including both China and North Korea. Discriminatory policies are not like to change unless women have more representation in politics.

日本企業の女性管理職（英検英作文2-9 p.42[021])

The number of women in executive position at companies is embarrassingly low in Japan compared to other developed nations. According to a recent study, only about 10% of management position at Japanese companies were held by women, and only 1% of senior, executive-level positions.

言論の自由と思想の自由（英検英作文2-8 p.40[020])

The world needs controversial – and sometimes offensive – art, ideas, and politics. For example, hundreds of famous books that are now used in literature classes were once banned by governments. The reason that governments usually restrict these books is because they want to control the ideas and principles of society in general, which is unacceptable. Freedom of speech supports freedom of thought.

言論の自由の規制の難しさ（英検英作文2-7 p.40[019])

The main reason that freedom of speech should not be restricted is that people cannot agree what type of speech is unacceptable. The large number of debates surrounding this topic is evidence of this. Even if people have strange or offensive ideas, they should be able to express them freely.

虚偽広告（英検英作文2-6 p.40[018])

Lies to the public such as false advertising should be banned. For example, companies should not be allowed to lie about the benefits of their products or services. This type of speech can trick customers into purchasing things that they do not actually want, which is a type of stealing.

言葉の暴力（英検英作文2-5 p.40)

There should be laws against speech that directly harms other people. These laws already exist in many countries. In these places, it is illegal to falsely accuse someone of a crime or to harm their public reputation by lying. Officials have established laws like these because words can sometimes be just as harmful as violence.

プライバシーの保護を解除する危険性（英検英作文2-4 p.38)

Removing privacy protection does not necessarily lead to increased public safety. For example, recently many government agencies have demanded that large tech companies create methods for breaking into devices such as smartphones. Decreasing the security features of devices like this would make it easier to conduct investigations, but it would also make it easier for criminals to steal information from private citizens.